In this course, you will understand the meaning of economic and social infrastructure, the main categories of economic infrastructure, which include power, renewable energy,

highways & roads, ports, airports, rail and telecoms; and the main categories of social infrastructure, which include healthcare, education, social care and legal services.

 You will learn about how project management is used in infrastructure projects, the importance of innovation and the role of Public Private Partnerships in infrastructure

development.

Project management is the process of leading the work of a team to achieve goals and meet success criteria at a specified time. The primary challenge of project management

is to achieve all of the project goals within the given constraints. This information is usually described in project documentation, created at the beginning of the development process.

The primary constraints are scope, time, quality, and budget. The secondary challenge is to optimize the allocation of necessary inputs and apply them to meet pre-defined objectives.

Innovation is the multi-stage process whereby organizations transform ideas into new/improved products, service or processes, in order to advance, compete and differentiate themselves successfully in their marketplace. Innovation is production or adoption, assimilation, and exploitation of a value-added novelty in economic and social spheres; renewal and enlargement of products, services, and markets; development of new methods of production; and the establishment of new management systems.

PPPs have been highly controversial as funding tools, largely over concerns that public return on investment is lower than returns for the private funder. PPPs are closely related to concepts

such as privatization and the contracting out of government services. The lack of a shared understanding of what a PPP is and the secrecy surrounding their financial details makes the

process of evaluating whether PPPs have been successful complex. P3 advocates highlight the sharing of risk and the development of innovation, while critics decry their higher costs

and issues of accountability.

Renewable energy resources and significant opportunities for energy efficiency exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries.

Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency, and technological diversification of energy sources, would result in significant energy security and economic benefits.

It would also reduce environmental pollution such as air pollution caused by burning of fossil fuels and improve public health, reduce premature mortalities due to pollution and save

associated health costs that amount to several hundred billion dollars annually only in the United States.

Our specialist teams manage all aspects of engineering and advisory for roads and highways, including feasibility studies, design, construction, maintenance and asset management services.

We draw on our extensive expertise in bridge structures, road alignment and pavement design, tunnelling and geotechnical engineering to provide advanced design and advisory solutions to

complex challenges.

Ports and Inland Waterways is a review of sources of statistics on ports and inland waterways in the United Kingdom and covers subjects such as foreign traffic by commodity;

coastwise traffic by commodity; special traffic; scheme and non-scheme port traffic; container and roll-on traffic; contents of containers; driver accompanied and unaccompanied

road goods vehicles; and restow movements. Transhipment and transit movements are also included, along with fishery traffic, passenger traffic, and shipping movements